Petroglyphs are onerous puzzles to decipher. Regardless of a wealth of information, historians and archaeologists can’t at all times put the entire image collectively. The mysterious Dighton Rock is a basic instance.
Bizarre inscriptions
Reverend John Danforth found Dighton Rock in 1680. For roughly 20 hours every day, the rock was hidden by the tides of the Taunton River in Massachusetts. The rock weighs 40 tons, is 10 to 11 toes lengthy, and is 5 toes excessive. Its greyish-brown sandstone is carved with bizarre inscriptions, whose origins and meanings proceed to elude rationalization. Some are intelligible: triangles, infinity symbols, human figures, and animals. The remaining appear to be random scribbles.
To protect the rock, it was moved in 1963. It now resides in a small museum known as the Dighton Rock Museum.
Danforth believed the rock had Native American origins. He speculated that the Wampanoag, Narragansett, or Algonquian peoples might need carved the petroglyphs — most probably, the Wampanoag, he concluded. He thought that the etchings depicted an ideal battle and a shipwreck.
Danforth sketched the rock, and his drawings are on show within the British Museum.
Dighton Rock inscriptions. Picture: Morphart Creation/Shutterstock
Ten years after Danforth’s discovery, a well-known Puritan reverend named Cotton Mather got here throughout it.
“Among the other curiosities of New England, one is…a mighty rock…there are very deeply engraved [drawings], no man alive knows how or when,” Mather wrote in his guide The Fantastic Works of God Commemorated. He believed the symbols had been Satanic.
Native People?
Native American petroglyphs flip up throughout New England. Widespread motifs embody geometric patterns, human figures, animals, astronomical options just like the solar and moon, and summary symbols that seemingly held symbolic significance for searching rituals, cosmology, tribal histories, and non secular beliefs. Petroglyphs are additionally a type of communication, storytelling, and ceremonial expression. They convey essential messages concerning the pure world, ancestral connections, and the non secular realm. Some folks interpret the Dighton Rock petroglyphs as a searching scene.
Dighton Rock drew sufficient consideration that even George Washington took an curiosity. He had expertise with Native American petroglyphs and agreed with Danforth.
Phoenicians?
Theologian Ezra Stiles, one of many founders of Brown College, extensively researched Native American historical past and tradition within the 1760s. Particularly, he centered on the New England space. He visited the petroglyphs and landed on a moderately controversial principle. Stiles believed the Phoenicians had been accountable.
“I take [the petroglyphs] to be in Phoenician letters and 3,000 years old,” Stiles wrote. “Or Punic or Carthaginian characters.”
He talked about his speculation in lectures and sermons. For instance: “…not to mention the visit of still greater antiquity by the Phoenicians, who charged the Dighton Rock and other rocks in Narragansett Bay with Punic inscriptions.”
An historical Phoenician artifact. Picture: Shutterstock
Historian Cora E. Lutz states that many lecturers thought of Stiles “the American authority on Dighton Rock.”
Regardless of his experience in Native American petroglyphs, Stiles’s Phoenician principle is approach on the market. It touches on the cross-cultural contact principle, whose supporters argue that the Phoenicians influenced American civilizations. However there isn’t a onerous proof for this, merely conjecture. Simply because some drawings resemble Phoenician characters doesn’t make them Phoenician with out additional proof.
Norse?
Reconstruction of the Viking village at L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland. Picture: Jerry Kobalenko
Some folks consider that the etchings resemble Viking runes.
Within the 1830s, Danish historian Carl Christian Rafn thought he may hyperlink the petroglyphs with Viking sagas. Immediately, historians agree that the Vikings settled briefly in Canada, particularly at L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. Might Dighton Rock present Viking settlement a lot additional south?
Rafn’s Viking principle was by no means substantiated.
The Vikings traveled to North America, however did they go south? Picture: Shutterstock
Portuguese?
Within the Nineteen Twenties, Edmund Delabarre of Brown College urged that the seafaring Portuguese might need carved the rock.
Within the early 1500s, Portuguese explorer Miguel Corte-Actual explored the Newfoundland coast and vanished and not using a hint. Delabarre thought that Corte-Actual received so far as Massachusetts. Delabarre argues that the glyphs spell out a message: “I, Miguel Cortereal, 1511. In this place, by the will of God, I became a chief of the Indians.”
He additionally claims to see Corte-Actual’s coat of arms on the rock. He dates the glyphs to the 1500s.
Chinese language?
Another wild theories embody Chinese language or Japanese script. A former submarine lieutenant commander named Gavin Menzies has championed the China principle. He wrote books investigating Chinese language exploration of the Americas and proposed that explorer Zheng He found America earlier than Columbus.
There is no such thing as a proof to help Menzies’s principle, and lecturers regard his work as pseudohistory.
Verification issues
Why can’t we decide when the Dighton Rock inscriptions had been made? Sadly, weathering of the rock’s floor has affected the standard of samples. Moreover, as a result of petroglyphs are carved into the rock, they gather mineral crusts. This prevents scientists from extracting correct samples.
Radiocarbon courting can be not possible. It requires natural materials like charcoal, plant materials, bone, or fossils to find out age. Petroglyphs carved into rock don’t often include natural materials.
Additionally it is potential that the carvings are a hoax or the work of bored locals someday earlier than Danforth found the rock in 1680.
Conclusion
Most students lean towards Native American origins. If Norse explorers or one other overseas group created the petroglyphs, it will problem the traditional narrative of European discovery and settlement within the Americas, already a controversial debate in academia. For now, and not using a technique of verifying the date of the petroglyphs, we’re nonetheless solely capable of guess their origins.
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